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Awareness and Experience of Tinnitus in Nepalese Young Adult Population
Address for correspondence Sajana Aryal, MSc, Audiology, Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India (e-mail: sajanaaryal5566@gmail.com).
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Introduction
The prevalence of tinnitus is increasing in younger adult rapidly. It is increasing mainly because of increased daily noise levels due to the unrestrained usage of recreational devices like mobile phones, MP3s, iPods, and other personal stereos. The aim of this study is to describe awareness and experience of tinnitus among younger adult with respect to the existence, cause, effects, and management.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 205 young adult Nepalese population between the age ranges between 20 and 40 years through online survey mode. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 25.0 software. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics.
Results
Result showed more than half of the participants (59.2%) were aware about the existence of tinnitus; however, only 16.1% of participants were aware about the effect of tinnitus. The incidence of tinnitus was found to be high (11.71%) in Nepalese population.
Conclusion
Even though most of the participants were found to be aware about existence of tinnitus, most of them were not aware about the effect of tinnitus and its cause. This result has implications for audiologist who are involved in hearing health care program across the various age groups. As per this study, since most of the participants pointed to the Internet as their source of awareness, that could be further tapped on to provide awareness in these age groups.
Keywords
awareness
experience
tinnitus
Nepalese population
cross-sectional
Introduction
Tinnitus is a sound perceived in the ears or head without any external and internal sound source.1 It is generally manifested as a symptom due to various causes and aggravating factors rather than being a disease. The severity and persistence of tinnitus can vary from a benign, short time to chronic severe and life-threatening conditions. Studies have demonstrated that irritation, stress, and insomnia caused by tinnitus can substantially negatively impact the quality of life and mental health.2 Tinnitus interferes with the affected individual's lifestyle, irrespective of age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status.3
Tinnitus is a harmless auditory sensation for up to 21% of the adult population.4 However, 3 to 6% of individuals have disturbing tinnitus, which may lead to a severe impact on their daily functioning.5 Hence, it can be a vexatious and sometimes a frightening experience to few people. Tinnitus sufferers will be at high risk of developing severe psychological disturbances. Tinnitus might be associated with stress6 and other people's attitudes towards tinnitus.7
The causes of tinnitus may vary from person to person. It can be caused due to noise exposure, medications, diseases, stress, and head injuries. Tinnitus is common among younger adults and older adults above the age of 40. However, its prevalence is increasing swiftly among the younger contemporaries because of increased daily noise levels due to the unrestrained usage of recreational devices like mobile phones, MP3s, iPods, and other personal stereos. In the past 20 years, the prevalence of tinnitus in young adults has increased from 6.7 to 18.8%.8,9 Therefore, it is crucial to educate young adults and children about the harmful effects of excessive recreational noises, common in nightclubs, raves, and concerts, and the advantages of using hearing protection devices (HPDs).10,11 Thus, it may be beneficial to strive to change people's attitudes towards tinnitus.10
Various methods are available for the management of tinnitus, such as hearing aids, counseling, acoustic therapy, relaxation techniques, pharmacological, and surgical approaches.11 People may not be aware that there are management strategies for tinnitus and may not seek help. As it does not cause any associated pain, tinnitus is not considered a severe health problem by young adults and may not seek help.12 Hence, it is crucial to educate the public about the causes of tinnitus, the severe distress it may cause to the patient, and its management.
In developing countries like Nepal, tinnitus might be a more common problem but has not been identified because of a lack of awareness among people regarding it. No study has been done to determine the prevalence of tinnitus all over the country. One hospital-based study done in Nepal showed the prevalence of tinnitus to be 1.11%.13 Lesser frequency in that study is maybe because that study is a hospital-based study that shows the only tip of the iceberg and since people are not aware of tinnitus and its treatment. So, it is essential to spread awareness among the Nepalese population about tinnitus and its consequences because fewer people seek medical help for tinnitus.
Therefore, the main aim of this study was to describe adult's awareness regarding tinnitus causes, consequences and management options, and their experience of tinnitus. This study also focuses on spreading awareness about tinnitus among the Nepalese adult population.
Materials and Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the young adult Nepalese population. Data was collected from 205 participants who were literate with minimum qualification of school level education. All participants were between the age range of 20 and 40 years. Participants who were health professionals and who did not have English language proficiency were excluded from the study.
Design of Questionnaire
A survey questionnaire was prepared regarding the awareness and experience of tinnitus in the Nepalese population between the age groups. This questionnaire was adapted from the survey questionnaires used previously by Bagwandin and Joseph in their study in 2017 with modifications accordingly. The survey questionnaire was in English language with different sections in demographic details, knowledge about tinnitus, causes, preventive measures, and the experience with tinnitus. Five audiologists with more than 5 years of experience in audiology and tinnitus research validated the questions. The necessary corrections suggested by the experienced researcher were incorporated during the finalization of the survey questions. The self-assessment questionnaire consists of 37 questions. Out of 37 questions, five questions were related to demographic details, 9 questions were related to awareness of participants on cause of tinnitus, 4 questions were related to awareness and use of HPDs, 4 questions were related to personal experience of tinnitus, 14 questions were designed for those participants only who have tinnitus and were related to nature, consequence, and treatment they are getting for tinnitus, and last 2 questions were related to general health problems and participants interest in learning about tinnitus. All the questions were designed as objective type having multiple choices (provided as Supplementary Material; available in the online version only).
The final version of the questionnaire was prepared in the e-survey in the form of Google Forms distributed through various social platforms by the researchers through convenient sampling. Two-hundred six Nepali participants between the age group of 20 and 40 years responded to the survey. As one participant did not agree for consent, he was excluded from the study and analysis was done in 205 participants.
Statistical Analysis
All the response of the questionnaire was analyzed by investigator and converted into numerical form using Microsoft Excel. Obtained data were analyzed by using statistical package of social science (SPSS Version 25) software. Descriptive statistical procedures such as frequency and percentages were measured based on the type of questions being addressed. Results for awareness and knowledge, experience of tinnitus, and noise exposure were analyzed by using frequency counts and percentages. To analyses the average number of responses for the causes of tinnitus, mean average scores were used
Informed Consent and Ethical Guidelines
Ethical guidelines formulated by the institutional board of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, were followed for the study. Informed consent was taken from all the participants in the form of a question in Google Form itself. All the participants not responding to the survey were excluded from the study.
Results
Out of 205 participants included in the analysis, 109 (53.2%) participants were male, and 96 (46.8%) were female.
Awareness about Tinnitus
Among the total participants, the awareness about tinnitus and its cause and effect was limited. Although most people were aware of the tinnitus existence, very few people were aware of the tinnitus effect on individuals (16.1%) and the cause of the tinnitus (19.9%). Most people reported they got to know about tinnitus from the Internet, books, or personal experience. Similarly, although not sure about the actual cause of tinnitus, when people were asked to guess the probable cause of tinnitus, most people responded that the cause might be ear-related problems, head and neck injury, and other illnesses. The details about the respondents about the awareness could be found in ►Table 1.
| Existence of tinnitus (n = 205) | Effect of tinnitus (n = 205) | Cause of tinnitus (n = 205) |
|---|---|---|
| Aware: 122 (59.2%) Unaware: 83 (40.8%) |
Aware: 33 (16.1%) Unaware: 97 (47.32%) Unsure: 75 (36.58%) |
Aware: 41 (19.9%) Unaware: 164 (80.1%) |
| Source (n = 122) 1. Internet: 45 (36.89%) 2. Friend: 15 (12.29%) 3. Book: 16 (13.29%) 4. Relatives: 12 (9.83%) 5. General practitioner: 11 (9.02%) 6. Own experience: 23 (18.86%) |
Probable cause: Ear-related problems: 138 (67.3%) High music level: 129 (62.9%) Excessive noise: 110 (53.7%) Medication: 63 (30.7%) Illness: 83 (40.5%) Head and neck injury: 126 (58.5%) |
Experience and Impact of Tinnitus
Out of 205 participants, 155 (75.61%) stated they do not have experience with tinnitus, 50 (24.39%) reported they experience tinnitus themselves. Among 50 participants, 26 participants (12.68%) stated they do not have tinnitus at present. However, 24 (11.71%) participants reported they still experience tinnitus. The characteristics of tinnitus experienced in the population are provided in ►Table 2. This data showed that the incidence of tinnitus is high in the Nepalese population.
| Location | Onset | Duration | Sound type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Both ears: 25 (50%) Right ear: 7 (14%) Left ear: 4 (8%) Inside head: 6 (12%) Cannot identify exact location: 8 (16%) |
Sudden: 26 (52%) Gradual: 24 (48%) |
Continuous: 11 (22%) Intermittent: 39 (78%) |
Ringing: 20 (40%) Buzzing: 13 (26%) Cracking: 3 (6%) Sea noise: 2 (4%) Cannot discriminate: 5 (10%) |
| Pitch and loudness | Type | Impact | Annoyance |
| Cannot discriminate: 19 (38%) High pitch and soft: 15 (30%) High pitch and loud: 4 (8%) Low pitch and soft: 10 (20%) Low pitch and loud: 2 (4%) |
Subjective: 45 (90%) Objective: 5 (10%) |
Concentration difficulty: 30 (60%) Sleep problems: 15 (30%) Social problems: 5 (10%) |
Annoyed: 29 (58%) Not annoyed: 21 (42%) |
Management, Self-Treatment, and Relief of Experienced Tinnitus
Among 50 participants who experienced tinnitus, 41 participants (82%) reported they did not get any help from professionals regarding their problem, 6 (12%) participants stated they tried to get help from an audiologist, and 3 (6%) stated they visited ENT specialist. This result clearly shows that people are not aware of the management of tinnitus.
Out of 50 participants, 41 participants (82%) reported they are not doing anything for their tinnitus whereas, 9 participants (18%) reported that they are doing self-treatment for their tinnitus by staying away from the noise, meditation, breathing exercises, opening and closing of mouth as well as rubbing ear. Fifty percent (out of nine) of participants reported they are satisfied with their self-treatment, whereas another 50% stated they are not satisfied, and tinnitus is not reducing with their self-method of treatment.
Awareness and Use of Hearing Protection Devices
Most of the participants, 158 (77.1%), reported that they are aware of HPDs. Among them, 76 (48.10%) of participants answered they heard from the Internet, 62 (39.24%) reported they heard from friends/family, 17 (10.76%) reported they heard from the doctor, and 3 (1.89%) reported they studied from books.
Even though the majority of participants, 147 (71.7%), agreed that HPDs should be used when exposing to an excessive level of noises, 187 (91.2%) participants stated they do not use HPDs when exposed to a high level of noise. Only 8.8% of participants stated they use HPDs while going to places with excessive noise like concerts and clubs. This result suggests that people are not taking this condition seriously despite being aware (62.9%) that exposure to excessive noise levels can cause tinnitus.
Request for Information on Tinnitus
Two hundred four participants answer this question. The result showed that 135 (66.2%) of participants want to know about tinnitus. Most of them stated they want to know about the cause, risk factors, and tinnitus management. It was also found that although some of the participants did not know about tinnitus, they still did not request any information about tinnitus.
Association between Gender and Awareness on Existence of Tinnitus
Effect of gender on awareness of tinnitus was assessed using chi-squared test. Test result showed gender is not significantly associated with awareness of tinnitus X2 (1, n =205) is 0.284 (p > 0.05).
Discussion
Awareness about Tinnitus
In this study, although, little more than half of the participants were aware of the existence of tinnitus. More than 75% of people were not aware of the tinnitus cause and its effect on the individuals. In this study, most of the awareness came from Internet sources. Hence, it could be further utilized for awareness of individuals in these groups of the population. However, in a study by Henderson et al in 2010, most people felt that the awareness could be more beneficial from the health professional itself.14 The reach from the Internet could be more easily accessible to most of the population in these groups.
Studies have suggested that there might be differences in the amount of perceived tinnitus and its impact on an individual's life.1,15 In our study, most people were unaware of the devastating effect of tinnitus in a person's daily living. Hence, proper awareness generating programs are a must in the current scenario. Similarly, participants were not aware of the actual cause of the tinnitus. However, when people were asked to guess the probable cause of tinnitus, most people felt that different ear and ear-related problems could be a primary cause. Also, 62.5% of people identified high music levels as a potential cause. Hence, although people were not entirely confident about the actual cause of tinnitus, people had a basic idea about the potential causes of tinnitus. The high level of music exposure and noise exposure in current young adults in various scenarios might be causing other hearing-related issues, including tinnitus. There is a very high need for younger adults to be aware of the cause of tinnitus so that they can have the potential changes in their daily listening environment. The lack of knowledge will expose the younger adults at risk of developing these problems from different listening devices and attending nightclubs, concerts, or recreational activities.10,16
Experience and Impact of Tinnitus
About 24.39% of people participating in this study reported having experience with tinnitus. This number is relatively high compared to the other studies.17,18 The percentage of participants experiencing tinnitus is higher than the percentage of participants aware of the tinnitus's cause and effect. Hence, this could potentially result in people being more anxious and worried about their tinnitus when they do not know the potential effect. Similarly, since fewer people are aware of the cause than the people experiencing it, they will not be able to rectify their potential cause of tinnitus, be it a high music exposure or other illnesses. Hence, it may further aggravate the problem.
An almost equal number of participants reported as having gradual or sudden occurrences of tinnitus. The sudden occurrence of tinnitus may be linked to different conditions like sudden sensorineural hearing loss,19 ototoxicity,20 Meniere's disease,21 as well as acoustic trauma.22 Similarly, gradual tinnitus may be linked to noise exposure for longer duration.23 Along with that, the ringing type of tinnitus was most common in the participants. Literature has suggested that ringing type of tinnitus is one of the symptoms of noise-exposed hearing loss.17 Hence, we can attribute the cause of most young adults to a higher degree of sound exposure. However, results should be interpreted with caution. More studies on the daily listening exposure to noise in the Nepalese population will be required to further understand young adults’ exposure.
In our study, most people felt that tinnitus affects their concentration, followed by sleep disturbances and social disturbances. The findings are concurrent with the findings from Bagwandin and Joseph in 2017.18
Management, Self-Treatment, and Relief of Experienced Tinnitus
There are various methods for managing tinnitus like tinnitus retraining therapy, counseling, cognitive behavior therapy, or even surgical management.24-30 This study suggests that most individuals do not opt for tinnitus management from professionals, although they have been affected in their daily living due to tinnitus. There have been other studies that suggest similar findings. This suggests that people are not aware of the tinnitus’ effect and do not see tinnitus as a significant concern.
Awareness and Use of Hearing Protection Devices
Most of the participants were aware of the HPDs and understood that they should be used while going in noisy places. Very few of them were incorporating that practice into their life. The reasons might be due to the lack of access to the procuring of HPDs. Previous studies have shown that young adults are not aware of HPDs.10,31 However, this study is a similar finding to the study by Bagwandin and Joseph in 2017.18 Hence, proper awareness and access to these services should be improved to increase the practices among the individuals.
Conclusion
Although aware of tinnitus and its existence, most of the participants were not aware of the actual effect of tinnitus on individuals and the causes associated with it. Similarly, the experiences with tinnitus were relatively high in our study. Most of the people were having disturbances in concentration, sleep, and social activity. Although, people are not aware of the management of tinnitus and, hence, do not seek professional help. Similarly, although having awareness about the use of HPDs while going in noise-rich environments, they do not use the devices to be safe from the noise in those environments. Hence, providing proper awareness generation programs in a different age group should be conducted. As per this study, since most of the participants pointed to the Internet as their source of awareness, that could be further tapped on to provide awareness in these age groups.
Limitations and Future Directions
There is a dearth of studies about the awareness and experiences of tinnitus and its management in the Nepali context. This study can act as a guiding tool for future researchers about the present level of awareness and management practices in tinnitus. This study undertook only young adult individuals for participation. Future studies can further look into various age groups, compare the awareness in all those age groups, and compare the awareness in different areas across Nepal so that appropriate awareness-generating programs could be planned better.
Authors’ Contributions
Sajana Aryal was involved in concept development, study design, stimulus preparation, analysis of the results, interpretation, and writing of the manuscript; Prabuddha Bhatarai helped in concept development, study design, stimulus preparation, data collection, analysis of the data, interpretation, and writing of the manuscript. Prashanth Prabhu was involved in concept development, stimulus preparation, and writing of the manuscript.
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing for carrying out the study.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from the patient to participate in the study.
Awareness and Experience of Tinnitus in Nepalese Young Adult Population: A Survey
Please check all the appropriate box
Check all that apply.
I declare that I am between the ages of 20 and 40 years
I declare that I am a Nepali citizen
I am not a health/medical professional
I can understand English language
Profession_________
I am a
Male
Female
Prefer not to say
Please indicate your level of study
Primary level
Secondary level
SLC/SEE
Plus two
Under Graduate
Postgraduation
PhD
Have you ever heard of tinnitus? (ringing, buzzing, whistling noises in the ear)
Yes
No
If yes, how did you learn about it? (Please check all appropriate box)
I have tinnitus
A friend
A relative
A book
A general practitioner
A magazine
Internet
Other:__________
Do you know how tinnitus affect people?
Yes
No
Not sure
If yes, please specify:______________
Are you aware of what cause tinnitus?
Yes
No
If yes, please describe_____________
Questions related to cause of tinnitus
Certain types of illness can cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Listening to high level of sounds can cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Certain types of medication can cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Injury to head, neck, and ears may cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Ear-related problems such as ear infections, hearing difficulty, and ear related dizziness can cause tinnitus.
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Attending night clubs, raves, and concerts with high noise level can cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Questions related to hearing protective devices
Have you heard of hearing protective devices like earplugs and earmuffs
Yes
No
If yes, from whom you hear about it? (Please check all appropriate box)
Friend
Family
Doctor
Internet
Books
Other:_________
Hearing protective devices should be worn while attending an event with excessively loud level of noise
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Frequent use of iPods/MP3 player or others personal listening devices at loud levels for a prolonged duration can cause tinnitus
Strongly agree
Agree
Unsure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Do you wear hearing protective devices?
Yes
No
If yes, please describe________________
Experience with tinnitus
Do you know anyone who experience tinnitus?
Yes
No
If yes, who?___________
Do you know what causes the tinnitus?
Yes
No
Unsure
If yes or unsure, explain______________
Do you think treatment options are available for tinnitus?
Yes
No
Not sure
Do you experience tinnitus?
Yes
No
Questions for those only who experience tinnitus
Do you still experience tinnitus?
Yes
No
Describe the location of tinnitus (Please select all appropriate box)
Right ear
Left ear
Both ear
Inside my head
Outside my head
Not sure
Other:______________
The tinnitus started
Gradually
Suddenly
The tinnitus is
Continuous
Intermittent (comes and goes)
The tinnitus occurs
Sometimes
Daily
Weekly
The tinnitus sounds like (please select all appropriate box)
Ringing
Whistling
Sea noise
Crackling
Buzzing
Pulsating
Cannot discriminate
Other:______________
Is your tinnitus heard by people around you?
Yes
No
Tinnitus is of
High pitch and loud
High pitch and soft
Low pitch and loud
Low pitch and soft
Cannot discriminate
I find the tinnitus
Extremely annoying
Severely annoying
Moderately annoying
A little annoying
Not annoying at all
The tinnitus causes me to have
Concentration difficulty
Sleeping problems
Social problems
Other:_____________
Because of tinnitus I tried to get help from: (check all that apply)
A general practitioner
ENT specialist
A audiologist
I did not get any help
Other:_____________
I have found relief from the tinnitus after visiting above mentioned professionals
Yes
No
I was given treatment regarding the tinnitus
Yes
No
If yes, please describe what treatment was given to you for tinnitus_________________
Are you doing anything to relieve the problem by yourself?
Yes
No
If yes, please describe what are you doing__________
Are you satisfied with the method you are using to relieve the noises?
Yes
No
Do you have any other health related problems?
Yes
No
If yes, please explain about your illness (If you are under medication, mention that also)
Do you like to know more about tinnitus?
Yes
No
If yes, please specify what you would like to know about_____________
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Dr. Pushpavathi M., Director, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, affiliated to University of Mysore, for permitting to carry out the study. The authors acknowledge the participant for their co-operation.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
Funding
None.
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