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Review Article
2026
:7;
e003
doi:
10.25259/AONO_16_2025

Post-Earthquake Dizziness Syndrome: A Scoping Review

1Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

*Corresponding author: Santosh Kumar Swain, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Sijua, Patrapada, Bhubaneswar-751019, Odisha, India. santoshvoltaire@yahoo.co.in

Received: , Accepted: ,
©2026 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Annals of Otology and Neurotology
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, transform, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Swain SK. Post-Earthquake Dizziness Syndrome: A Scoping Review. Ann Otol Neurotol. 2026;7:e003. doi: 10.25259/AONO_16_2025

Abstract

Major earthquakes are extremely disruptive and have a significant effect on people in a variety of ways, including social, psychological, and physical. Earthquakes sometimes manifest in vertiginous attacks or persistent dizziness among survivors. A major earthquake affects areas much larger than the epicenter of the earthquake. Dizziness, imbalance, vertigo, nausea, and motion sickness are the symptoms of post-earthquake dizziness syndrome (PEDS). Psychological causes and/or autonomic stress on balance function could be the cause. The clinical symptoms are influenced by the building dynamics; vestibular overload is made worse by high-rise swaying, stiff low-rise jolts, and broken structures. Tall buildings are affected by low-frequency earthquakes, while stiff buildings are affected by high-frequency earthquakes, and recovery is delayed by aftershocks. Seismic retrofitting, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and environmental modifications to reduce sensory conflicts are all part of the management of PEDS. The need for multidisciplinary approaches that integrate medical, engineering, and psychological strategies to decrease earthquake-related dizziness is highlighted by the importance of public awareness and readiness in lowering panic and enhancing resilience. Most of the studies on the earthquake are focused on the survivors with physical and mental traumas. There is less medical literature on the dizziness following an earthquake. This review focuses on PEDS.

Keywords

Dizziness
Earthquake
PEDS
Vestibular dysfunction

INTRODUCTION

Dizziness due to an earthquake is called as post-earthquake dizziness syndrome (PEDS), a neurological and psychological effect where the inner ear balance system is affected by the physical shaking of the earthquake, along with stress and anxiety.1 The primary contributory causes for PEDS include a high prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), psychological disturbance, and structural tilting of residential buildings.1 PEDS is an important health challenge following an earthquake and is characterized by motion sensations, nausea, imbalance, vertigo, and dizziness.1 In seismically active areas, PEDS pose serious health risks. Recurrent seismic vibrations have the potential to manifest in inner ear dysfunction. Earthquakes can affect physical, psychological, and social aspects of an individual.2 In addition to loss of life, earthquakes can cause health problems like dizziness and balance issues, which are commonly referred to as PEDS.2 The symptoms of PEDS may persist for varying durations. Following a strong earthquake, there are different types of organic and non-organic diseases associated with survivors. Survivors of large earthquakes are more likely to experience myocardial infarction and stroke, sleep disorders, increased suicidal thoughts, and dizziness.2 Following an earthquake, dizziness and sleep disturbances are common, yet there is little evidence linking dizziness and sleep difficulties. The middle-aged and older individuals are more vulnerable to PEDS.2 This review aimed to discuss the prevalence, etiopathology of PEDS, and its relationship with earthquake characteristics, building types, function of the autonomic nervous system, and its management.

METHODS OF LITERATURE SEARCH

A search was conducted for research articles on the PEDS. This began with searching online databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Medline and included the studies published between 2001-2025. This review assessed the PEDS and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The manuscript includes the specific search terms and Boolean operators used [e.g., ("PEDS) and ("earthquake induced dizziness" OR “vertigo by earthquake")]. Articles were initially screened by their titles to determine eligibility, followed by a thorough review of each abstract to ensure they met the inclusion criteria. The study population included all age groups and all regions affected globally. The study included in this review are restricted to the English language. The search approach found published article abstracts, and citations were used to manually find more research publications. The review evaluated the suitability of incorporating observational studies, comparative studies, case series, case reports, and randomized controlled trials. A total of 72 articles (24 case reports, 17 case series, and 31 original articles) were found across various databases, with 47 being included in this PRISMA Flow diagram for study selection [Figure 1]. The synthesis of findings was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. This article discusses the prevalence, etiopathology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management of PEDS.

PRISMA flow diagram for the scoping review process. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
Figure 1:
PRISMA flow diagram for the scoping review process. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Regional demographics, environmental variables, and earthquake magnitude all affect the epidemiological features, frequency of occurrence, and contributory factors. In 2018, post-earthquake dizziness was found in Hokkaido, Japan (with a magnitude of 6.7), where approximately 20 to 25% of the surveyed population showed dizziness along with recurrent aftershocks, slanted structures, and psychological stress identified as contributory factors.3 Middle-aged and older people who lived in cities were included in the population.3 In Kumamoto, Japan, the earthquake (magnitude 7.0) resulted in dizziness, affecting 30 to 40% of people staying near the epicentre.4 Middle-aged and older individuals were more commonly affected.4 In an earthquake (magnitude 7.8-7.5), dizziness was reported by 20 to 30% of the population, with adolescents.5 The post-earthquake dizziness is largely caused by psychological stress, dense metropolitan populations, and frequent aftershocks.5 The 2015 earthquake (magnitude of 7.8) in the Nepal-India region affected people of all ages, especially in rural areas.6 Dizziness has been linked to structural damage, post-traumatic stress disorders, and difficulties receiving medical care, although the precise prevalence has not been documented.6

Etiopathology

Major earthquakes often result in an outbreak of dizziness. It's unknown, though, why dizziness is brought on by major earthquakes. Equilibrium impairment is linked to vestibular dysfunction and psychological states in people who are frequently exposed to aftershocks as opposed to those who are not.7 When there is no visual dysfunction, the aftershock-exposed group has more equilibrium dysfunction. Disturbances in the interaction of the vestibular, neurological, visual, and proprioceptive systems are the main pathophysiology associated with balance disorders.8 Abrupt and irregular ground movements during an earthquake result in complicated vestibular inputs that could interfere with somatosensory and visual signals.9 For example, the visual system may detect stationary surroundings while the vestibular system signals for rapid motion, resulting in a sensory mismatch that impairs balance and motion perception.10 The velocity storage mechanism is further sensitized by prolonged vibrations and frequent aftershocks, which intensify the sense of motion even after the earthquake activity has stopped.11 By interfering with central sensory processing, autonomic nerve dysfunction, anxiety, hypervigilance, and elevated arousal exacerbate the clinical symptoms.11

The interaction of external stressors, internal adaptability, and peripheral sensory input highlights the intricate mechanisms underlying earthquake-induced dizziness and emphasizes the importance of targeted management strategies for alleviating the symptoms.12 The post-earthquake dizziness leads to a combination of vestibular dysfunction, psychological stress, and instability of the environment.12 Because frequent physical shaking can directly interfere with the semicircular canal system's ability to operate, persistent exposure to aftershocks can cause dizziness or imbalance.13 The otoliths that cause the symptoms and nystagmus through the velocity storage mechanism may have been persistently stimulated by the gravity-related linear acceleration with vertical and horizontal components in the tilted house caused by the earthquake.13 Meniere's disease and secondary BPPV may worsen as a result of the earthquake.13 Vestibular dysfunctions, including otolithic dysfunction, are part of the pathogenesis. Vestibular, proprioceptive, and autonomic systems can be disrupted by environmental instability caused by skewed or broken buildings and psychological stress.13 The symptoms are frequently influenced by the dynamics of the building, especially when vestibular overload is exacerbated by high-rise swaying, inflexible low-rise jolts, and broken structures. Tall buildings are typically affected by low-frequency earthquakes, while inflexible buildings are affected by high-frequency earthquakes. This creates a feedback loop because of increased sympathetic activity is associated with stress and vertigo.4

Dizziness following an earthquake may be linked to autonomic dysfunction. Physical stress factors, changes in living situations, and autonomic stress are frequently impacted by the disequilibrium created by the earthquake.4 The primary pathology seen in the dizziness is characterized by disturbances in the interplay of the vestibular, neurological, visual, and proprioceptive systems.13 The psychological disorders can affect the vestibular system to varying degrees. The observed correlation between the spectrum of psychological and vestibular disorders provides additional support. Frequent shakes in an earthquake can directly affect the normal functioning of the semicircular canals, leading to BPPV.14

BUILDINGS AND PEDS

The structure of the buildings often affects the nature of the vibrations of earthquakes, which influences the prevalence and severity of dizziness.8 A high-rise building is usually designed to sway during an earthquake, which increases sensations of motion.8 Regardless of whether the structure is composed of wood or concrete, dizziness after an earthquake is more likely to occur on the third story or higher, according to earlier research.15 When an earthquake occurs, single-story rigid buildings shift abruptly and sharply. Those who already have vestibular disorders may find these jolts problematic.16 Long-term balance problems arise from the ongoing instability brought on by tilted or destroyed buildings. The designs created by seismic engineers lessen abrupt jolts and excessive swaying, which may lessen the occurrence of vertigo brought on by earthquakes.17

EARTHQUAKE AND PEDS

Dizziness is influenced by the size, kind, and magnitude of an earthquake. Onshore earthquakes are typically caused by normal faults (vertical direction), while offshore earthquakes are typically caused by strike-slip and normal faults (vertical and horizontal directions).18 Therefore, it's possible that the mechanical relationship between vibration types and the appearance of PEDS following the Kumamoto earthquake differs from that following the Tohoku earthquake.2 Subduction zones frequently experience low-frequency earthquakes, which cause slow, broad swaying motions. Tall buildings are disproportionately affected by these waves, which cause extended vestibular stimulation.19 Rigid and low-rise structures are likely to be affected by the sharp, jolting shocks produced by high-frequency earthquakes. Because of the abrupt vestibular load, survivors in these areas exhibit severe dizziness.19 Spatial disorientation, vertigo, and more severe autonomic symptoms might arise from a significant earthquake-induced mismatch between the visual or proprioceptive and vestibular systems.20 It is comparable to the physical feelings caused by startling stimuli and frequently sets off an autonomic reflex as a startle response or phobic postural vertigo. The repeated exposure of seismic activity compounds the vestibular symptoms and psychological stress, this prolonging the recovery of symptoms.

CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS

Several aftershocks and large-scale outbreaks of vertigo occur after major earthquakes. In seismically active areas, post-earthquake and earthquake-related dizziness are significant health risks. Numerous physiological and psychological diseases have been linked to the post-earthquake period, especially following a severe type. Earthquake-related dizziness can seriously interfere with day-to-day activities and affect vital abilities like walking, coordination, and eyesight. One prevalent peripheral vestibular condition is BPPV. People who have experienced massive earthquakes have severe, persistent dizziness. There is a noticeable increase in the number of people seeking medical attention after earthquakes because of post-earthquake dizziness. Dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, nausea, and a feeling of continuous motion are the hallmarks of PEDS, which is typically brought on soon after an earthquake. According to one study, patients with psychogenic dizziness, such as phobic postural vertigo, chronic subjective dizziness, or non-specific dizziness, are more likely to experience worsening vertigo symptoms when they get poor sleep.21 Natural disasters such as earthquakes can have immediate effects or grow over the next few years.22 In addition to other catastrophic consequences of an earthquake that last for years, dizziness and sleep difficulties may also arise, which can be referred to as an earthquake-related public health issue. While several studies have looked at post-earthquake dizziness and sleep disturbances independently, none have looked at the connection between the two conditions in earthquake victims.23 Post-earthquake repeated shaking increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sleep disorders.24

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A common peripheral vestibular condition is BPPV.25 People who are exposed to large earthquakes suffer from severe and persistent dizziness. While head trauma, middle and inner ear disorders, sedentary lifestyles, migraines, and anxiety are some of the etiological factors that contribute to BPPV, the cause is primarily idiopathic.26 An Earthquake is an aggravating factor for the development of BPPV.15

Persistent postural perceptual dizziness

Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a long-term, functional, and non-vertiginous dizziness without any organic vestibular pathologies in the clinical tests and vestibular examinations within normal limits.27 Persistent dizziness for at least three months, symptoms exacerbated by upright posture, visual stimuli, active or passive motions, and incapacity to do visual tasks like reading or using a computer are among the diagnostic criteria for PPPD.28 The symptoms of PPPD are aggravated by an earthquake.

Phobic postural vertigo

A large outbreak of dizziness after major earthquakes is mainly due to psychological stressors rather than organic disorders caused by equilibrium dysfunction. Autonomic stress on the balance function is also thought to provoke dizziness in patients exposed to earthquakes.2

The characteristic features of phobic postural vertigo (PPV) include oscillatory vertigo, postural instability, anxiety, and distressing vegetative symptoms. In addition to subjective imbalance and brief episodes of dizziness, PPV is a particular anxiety-related, chronic, and incapacitating syndrome. In this condition, the chronic subjective dizziness that cannot be sufficiently explained by the patient’s vestibular condition.29

Vestibular migraine

The important symptoms of vestibular migraine (VM) includes recurrent spells of dizziness that may stay for a few seconds to days.30 Patients of VM often complain of headaches before, during, or after the dizzy spells, though not all MV patients have headaches. An earthquake can trigger VM symptoms as it makes a significant sensory conflict, triggering a feeling of dizziness or phantom shaking that can mimic to an episode of VM.31 While VM is a neurological disorder that can be aggravated by several factors, such as stress, an earthquake can directly affect the vestibular system and exacerbate these sensitivities, resulting in prolonged dizziness that mimics the sensation of an earthquake.30

DIAGNOSIS

Otoscopic examination is helpful to rule out external auditory canal and middle ear status. The audiological evaluation, such as pure tone audiometry and tympanometry, should be performed on the individuals those suffered from PEDS. A complete neurotological examination and vestibular system assessment are usually included for the patients of PEDS. The spontaneous nystagmus (sitting position with gaze straight forward), positional nystagmus (during the Dix-Hallpike and supine roll test), and postural and gait tests are useful to assess the peripheral and central causes of vertigo.32 The gaze evoked nystagmus, saccadic test, and ocular pursuit test are performed among these patients. Detailed neurological assessments are helpful to check the consciousness and orientation of patients. It also evaluates motor and sensory functions, muscle strength, reflexes, and sensory responses.

TREATMENT

Management strategies of PEDS include seismic retrofitting, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacological treatment, and environmental adjustments to reduce the sensory conflicts.33 After a major earthquake, people may have dizziness or malfunction of balance due to increased stress and anxiety from various sources, including the effect of repetitive vibrations on the inner ear.33 Therefore, it is important to establish a holistic healthcare approach that addresses the psychological requirements of individuals affected by earthquakes.34 The management of BPPV includes canalith repositioning procedures that can provide rapid and long-lasting relief of symptoms in BPPV patients those aggravated following an earthquake. The management of patients of BPPV due to an earthquake differs from the classic BPPV. The residual symptoms appearing after performing repositioning maneuvers can be often seen among these patients. The treatment options of PPPD include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, psychotherapy, and vestibular rehabilitation. The favorable outcomes obtained in patients undergoing vestibular rehabilitation.35 The treatment of phobic postural vertigo includes behavioral therapy, vestibular rehabilitation, and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressants.29 Public awareness and readiness are critical for lowering fear and building resilience, highlighting the importance for multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate medical, engineering, and psychological strategies to decrease earthquake-related dizziness. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy works well for balance problems and helps survivors heal more quickly.36 Vestibular rehabilitation therapy helps the brain to sensory mismatches caused by structural tilting or environmental instability following an earthquake.36 Dizziness following earthquakes is frequently associated with anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).7 Counselling and relaxation methods can help lessen the negative effects of psychological stress on equilibrium and general well-being.7 The cognitive behavioural therapy and stress management are helpful to treat PTSD and anxiety.7 Additionally, short-term use of vestibular suppressants like antihistamines may be useful for symptomatic relief in an acute condition. In persons with significant anxiety or PTSD, medications like antidepressants or anxiolytics may be helpful to complement other treatments. The pharmacological treatment can alleviate dizziness severity.37 There are certain Chinese herbal medicines are also effective for PEDS.38 Public education has a vital role in recovery in disaster-affected communities. The community-led initiatives can be helpful to reduce isolation and foster resilience. The awareness among the population about the expected seismic response and autonomic symptoms can reduce panic and its psychological effects, so promote resilience to earthquakes.39

CONCLUSION

Many people experience post-earthquake dizziness after being exposed to major earthquakes and its aftershocks. Significant social, psychological, and physical difficulties are caused by earthquakes. Vestibular dysfunction, autonomic nervous system activity, and structural variables interact to cause earthquake-related dizziness, a complex disorder. Sensory conflicts mediated by vestibular dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, and/or psychological problems may be the cause of post-earthquake dizzy syndrome (PEDS). To lessen anxiety and increase resilience, public education and readiness are crucial, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches that integrate engineering, medical, and psychological techniques to reduce PEDS. Future studies are needed to determine how to avoid PEDS and lessen autonomic dysfunction.

Ethical approval:

Institutional Review Board approval is not required.

Declaration of patient consent:

Patient’s consent not required as there are no patients in this study.

Conflicts of interest:

There are no conflicts of interest

Use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for manuscript preparation:

The authors confirm that there was no use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for assisting in the writing or editing of the manuscript and no images were manipulated using AI.

Financial support and sponsorship: Nil

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